Failed Islamic States in Senegambia

David Robinson

Maps

Umar Tall's Probable Pilgrimage Route (1828-1830)

Umar Tall's Probable Pilgrimage Route (1828-1830)

Date: 1972
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Umar al-Naqar sought to sketch out the main routes by which West Africans journeyed to and from the pilgrimage. The distances were immense, and it was important to join up with other pilgrims and caravans to make the journey, which often took several years. From Umar's own writings, we have sketched out his probable routes going and coming. He made the pilgrimage in three successive years, 1828-30, and so would have been traveling for much of 1827 (going) and 1831 (returning). This new map was made in 1972. This map contains the following captions, "Umar Tall's Probable Pilgrimage Route (1828-1830)" "Algiers" "Rabat" "Fez" "Tlemcen" "Constantin" "Qairawan" "Marrakesh" "Sijilmasa" "Main route of the Maghrib caravans" "Ghadmes" "Sous" "Saghia Al Hamra" "Tuat" "In Salah" "Mansa Musa's route" "Taghza" "Shinqit" "Taudeni" "Ticit" "Haud" "Walata" "Timbuctu" "Arwan" "Podor" "Futa Toro" "Futa Bondu" "Futa Jallon" "Timbo" "Kankan" "Sambatikila" "Bamako" "Kong" "Niono" "Sokolo" "Mopti" "Segu" "Banjagara" "Hombahi" "Gao" "Arbinda" "Say" "Kebbi" "Gwandu" "Sokoto" "Hausa land" "In Gall" "Agadez" "Guat" "Route of the Tuati caravan" "Murzuk" "Katsina" "Hadija" "Kano" "Zaria" "Bauchi" "Yola Adamawa" "Maidugaryo" "Dikwa" "Katagum" "Kuka" "Bornu" "Kanem" "Bilma" "Murzuk" "Aujila" "Jaghbub" "Siwa" "Benghazi" "Alexandria" "Cairo" Jerusalem" "Suez" "Overland route of Mahamal caravan" "Madina" Mecca" "Jidda" "Asiut" "Qusair" "Kharja" "Kufra" "Darb Al-Arba'in" "Selima" "Afade" "Atia" "Masinya" "Bagirmi" "Masinda" "Ndele" "Dar Kuti" "Deim Zubair" "Dar Runga" "Atia" Abbeche" "Wara" "Wadai Dar Fur" "Kobi" "Fasher" "Obied" "Nuhud" "Kafi" Kenji" "Umdurman" "Damar" "Berber" "Aydhab" "Suaken" "Tokar" "Shendi" "Goz Rajab" "Masawa" "Aksum" "Sennar" "Gallabat" "Gondar"
Typical Portrayal of the Spread of Islam in Africa

Typical Portrayal of the Spread of Islam in Africa

Date: 1978
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This is an effort, found in a number of works, to suggest the patterns and paths of the spread of Islam into Africa and especially Sub-Saharan Africa. It comes from an atlas published in 1978 by a highly respected historian and a highly respected cartographer of Africa. This map contains the following captions, "7. The Penetration of Islam" "Spain" "Tarik 711-14" "Gibraltar" "Maghrib" "Uqba" "Carthage (698)" "Kairwan (670)" "Iahuda (683)" "Uqba" "Tripoli (647)" "Barca" "Barca 647" "Alexandria (642)" "Palestine (634)" "Baghdad" "Amr Ibn Al As" "Babylon (Cairo) (641)" "Persian Gulf" "Egypt (640-42)" "Medina (Muhammad died 632)" "Mecca" "Raiding" "Nubia" "Turks" "Dongola" "Dahlak" "Yemen 633" "Zeila" "Ethiopia Christian Kingdom from c. VI C." "L. Tana" "Gran" "Abyssianian Highlands" "E. African Coast" "Onwards" "Lake Victoria" "Egyptians" "Sudan" "Darfur" "Wadai" "Sahara" "Ibn Yasin" "Almoravids" "Nubia-Christian Kingdoms VI-XIII Cs, Arab conquest XIII-XIV Cs" "L. Chad" "Kanem" "Bornu" "Hausaland" "R. Benue" "R. Niger" "Mandingoes" "Songhai" "Gao" "Timbuctu" "Walata" "Ghana (1076)" "R. Senegal" "Almoravids" "Berbers" "Mali" "R. Volia" "R. Congo" "Land over 1000m (3300ft)"
Umarian Domain, 1862

Umarian Domain, 1862

Date: 1991
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A map published in 1991 showing the maximum extent of the Umarian conquests about 1862, based on Robinson's estimate of the territories taken during the most successful part of the jihad, between 1852 and 1862. It should be contrasted with the much smaller domain controlled by Ahmad al-Kabir about 1881, shown in the map entitled, Umarian Domain, 1881. This map contains the following captions, "Map 1.1: The Umarian State and the French Conquest" "Kaedi" "Futa" "Matam (1857)" "R. Senegal" "Gidimakha" "Toro" "Gadiaga" "Gemu (1859)" "Bakel (1820)" "Senudebu (1845)" "Bulebane" "Kussan" "Khasso" "Kayes (1881)" "Medine (1855)" "Kenieba" "Gundiuru" "Bambuk" "Bundu" "R. Faleme" "Sabucire" "Bafulabe (1879)" "Diafunu." "Koniakary (1890)" "Diombokho)" "Nioro (1891)" "Karta" "Bakhunu" "Wossebugu (1890)" "Sabone" "R. Baule" "Fuladugu" "Kundian (1889)" "R. Bating" "Labe" "Futa" "Jegunko" "Jalon" "Timbo" "Tamba" "R. Bakhoy" "Kita (1881)" "Murgula (1882)" "Dingiray-French protectorate established in 1887" "R. Tinkisso" "Kurussa" "Sigiri" "Kangaba" "Niagassola" "Beledugu" "Bamako (1883)" "R. Niger" "Nyamina (1889)" "Segu" "Segu (1890)" "Sinsani" "R. Bani" "Jenne" "Hamdullahi" "Bandiagara (1839)" "Lake Debo" "Timbuktu" "Matam (1857)-French post and date of installation" "Nioro (1891)-Major Umarian post and date of French capture" "Approximate boundaries of Umarian State in 1862 (maximum extent)"
Umarian Domain, 1881

Umarian Domain, 1881

Date: 1991
Format: Image-StillImage/jpeg
This map is an effort, by Hanson and Robinson, to estimate the area of Ahmad al-Kabir's dominion about 1881, in contrast to the map entitled Umarian Domain, 1862, which represents the Umarian territories at their maximum extent, for a brief period in 1862. This map, published in 1991, is based on a map in Robinson, Holy War, p 19, and a map drawn by Valliere, part of the Gallieni mission, and appearing in Joseph Gallieni, "Mission dans le Haut-Niger et a Segou," Bulletin de la Societe de Geographie (Paris), 3 (1882). This map contains the following captions, "Map 2. The Umarian Domain in about 1881" "R. Senegal" "Futa" "Matam (1857)" "Toro" "Gidimakha" "Magama" "Bakel (1820)" "Gadiaga" "Bundu" "Diafunu" "Kingi" "Nioro" "Khasso" "Konyakary" "Diombokho" "Kayes (1881)" "Medine (1855)" "Sabusire" "Bambuk" "R. Faleme" "Bafulabe (1879)" "Kundian" "Labe" "Futa" "Jegunko" "Jalon" "Timbo" "R. Bating" "Tamba" "Tamba" "Dingiray" "Kurussa" "Bure" "R. Tinkisso" "Sigiri" "R. Baule" "Bassaga" "Bakhunu" "Wossebugu" "Fuladugu" "R. Bakhoy" "Markoya" "Bangassi" "Kita (1881)" "Murgula" "Niagassola" "Kangaba" "Bamako (1883)" "Tadyana" "Nyamina" "Segu" "R. Niger" "Segu" "Sinsani" "R. Bani" "Dia" "Jenne" "Masina" "Hamdullahi" "Bandiagara" "Lake Debo" "Gundam" "Timbuktu" "Approximate territory controlled directly by Ahmed al Tabir" "Approximate territory controlled by other Umarian leaders" "Matam (1857)-French post and date of installation" "Nioro-Major Umarian post" "Approximate boundary of Umarian domain in 1862 (maximum extent)"